Using storage devices

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Tip: The Quick Start for installing a USB drive solves the very common case of installing a single USB drive onto your OpenWrt device. People do this to use Samba or other programs that need to store data on an external drive. The remainder of this page provides much more information about USB devices and drivers.

Many supported devices have ports to connect storage devices, most common are USB, or Sata.
This article will describe how to configure your device to use such storage devices for storage or for sharing. If you want to expand your firmware's space (to install more packages) please read the article about Extroot configuration.

To configure external disk space, follow the procedures of this page:

Verify storage drivers
Verify that the OS recognizes the attached disk and its partitions
Create a partition on the USB disk
Create a file system in the partition
Automount the partition
Idle spin down of hard disks

Install and verify USB drivers

This step ensures that required USB storage drivers are properly installed.

Start by refreshing the list of available software packages:
```
opkg update
```
The typical OpenWrt package already has core USB device drivers installed (if your device has USB ports at all), but might not yet have an USB storage device driver installed. Install this storage driver first (if it is already installed, the following command will just say “is already installed”:
```
opkg install kmod-usb-storage
```
Some USB storage devices may require the UAS driver:
```
opkg install kmod-usb-storage-uas
```
To check, if the whole USB driver chain is working correctly, install the optional usbutils package:
```
opkg install usbutils
```
Now connect your USB disk/stick and list your connected devices with a command from these usbutils:
```
lsusb -t
```

This will output a list of device USB hub ports and connected external storage devices:

/:  Bus 02.Port 1: Dev 1, Class=root_hub, Driver=xhci-mtk/1p, 5000M
/:  Bus 01.Port 1: Dev 1, Class=root_hub, Driver=xhci-mtk/2p, 480M
    |__ Port 1: Dev 5, If 0, Class=Mass Storage, Driver=usb-storage, 480M

“Bus…”-Lines represent the host chip. Here, the “Driver” will be xhci for USB3.0, ehci for USB2.0 and uhci or ohci for USB1.1.
Lines with “Class=Mass Storage” represent connected USB devices. Here the “Driver” is either usb-storage for storage of type Bulk only Transport or usb-storage-uas for storage of type USB_Attached_SCSI

In step 4, verify that the output prints no error and has at least one output line for root_hub and Mass Storage and that each Driver= lists a driver name. If not, then refer to the Installing USB Drivers for more suggestions on drivers.

Verify that the OS recognizes the attached disk and partitions

This optional verification step can be used, to check that the OS can properly detect a connected external drive.

Ensure your USB disk/stick is stick connected
Run in a command line:
```
ls -l /dev/sd*
```
This should now show a list of block devices known to the OS
```
brw-------    1 root     root        8,   0 Oct 30 12:49 /dev/sda
brw-------    1 root     root        8,   1 Oct 30 12:49 /dev/sda1
```
This should print at least a connected disk like “/dev/sda” or “/dev/sdb”. If no disk at all is listed, recheck USB driver installation and reboot your OpenWrt device once.
Install the block tool to get more info about existing partitions
```
opkg install block-mount
```

Run the block tool:

block info | grep "/dev/sd"

and you should see output like this, if your disk already has partitions:

/dev/sda1: UUID="2eb39413-83a4-4bae-b148-34fb03a94e89" VERSION="1.0" TYPE="ext4"

If a disk already has existing partitions, they get listed as /dev/sda1, /dev/sda2 ,/dev/sda3 and so on.
If we had connected more than one storage device we would have also a /dev/sdb1 (first partition of second device), /dev/sdc1 (first partition of third device) and so on.

Create a partition on the USB disk

if the previous chapter did not list any existing partitions (like “/dev/sda1”, “/dev/sda2”, “/dev/sdb1”…), you have to create a partition first for further storage usage.

To do so, install gdisk:
```
opkg install gdisk
```
Start gdisk with the disk name identified in the previous chapter:
```
gdisk /dev/sda
```
In the interactive gdisk menu, create a partition with gdisk command
```
n
```
This triggers an interactive dialogue: Use the suggested defaults for the partition creation (number, starting sector, size, Hex code)
When done, confirm the changes with gdisk interactive command
```
w
```
and then confirm your choice with
```
Y
```
Keep a note of the created partition name for the next step

Refer to the gdisk help text (write “?”) in case you need additional help. Stick to a single partition, to stay aligned to the following HowTo.

Install file system drivers and create a file system in the partition

To use a partition for data storage, it needs to be formatted with a file system.

The following is the most simplest (and recommended) default configuration for OpenWrt file system usage.
For advanced users, there are further optional file system options available.

WARNING: This step deletes existing data in that partition. Ensure you have a backup of important files before starting!

For USB hard disks, install EXT4 file system and use EXT4 to format the partition (in this example '/dev/sda1'):
```
opkg install e2fsprogs
opkg install kmod-fs-ext4
mkfs.ext4 /dev/sda1
```
For SSD drives and thumb drives, install F2FS file system and use F2FS to format the partition (in this example '/dev/sda1'):
```
opkg install f2fs-tools
opkg install kmod-fs-f2fs
mkfs.f2fs /dev/sda1
```

Automount the partition

Automount ensures that the external disk partition is automatically made available for usage when booting the OpenWrt device

Generate a config entry for the fstab file:
```
block detect | uci import fstab
```

Now enable automount on that config entry:

uci set fstab.@mount[-1].enabled='1'
uci commit fstab

Optionally enable autocheck of the file system each time the OpenWrt device powers up:
```
uci set fstab.@global[0].check_fs='1'
uci commit fstab
```
Reboot your OpenWrt device (to verify that automount works)

After the reboot, check your results: Run

uci show fstab

to see something like this

fstab.@global[0]=global
fstab.@global[0].anon_swap='0'
fstab.@global[0].anon_mount='0'
fstab.@global[0].auto_swap='1'
fstab.@global[0].auto_mount='1'
fstab.@global[0].check_fs='0'
fstab.@global[0].delay_root='5'
fstab.@mount[0]=mount
fstab.@mount[0].target='/mnt/sda1'
fstab.@mount[0].uuid='49c35b1f-a503-45b1-a953-56707bb84968'
fstab.@mount[0].enabled='1'

Check the “enabled” entry. It should be '1'.
Note the “target” entry. This is the file path, where your attached USB storage drive can be accessed from now on. E.g. you can now list files from your external disk:
```
ls -l /mnt/sda1
```

Run the following command, to verify that the disk is properly mounted at this path

block info

The result will be:

...
/dev/sda1: UUID="2eb39413-83a4-4bae-b148-34fb03a94e89" VERSION="1.0" MOUNT="/mnt/sda1" TYPE="ext4"

Your external storage is now ready for further usage:
```
service fstab boot
```

Optional: Idle spindown timeout on disks for NAS usage

Optional step for hard disks.

If you want to use OpenWrt as a permanent NAS, you might want to spin down the harddisk motor during times of inactivity. Either because you want to have it quiet in your room during nighttime or to increase lifetime of the harddisk (e.g. when using a home-edition harddisk (instead of a 24×7-datacenter edition).

There are different options, to automatically spin down the motor of the attached harddisk after a certain time of inactivity. Both require installing optional packages on OpenWrt.

1. Option: hdparm
This tool permanently saves a spindown timer on the harddisk itself, using standardized SATA disk commands (the harddisk will then remember that spindown-timer value, even if turned off, even after a restart and even if attached to a different device). Its actually just a command line interface for a built-in harddisk function. So no OpenWrt service has to be run in the background for this and 'hdparm' could even be uninstalled after setting this parameter. Unfortunately many older USB2.0-PATA/SATA-adapters do not support the required SATA command, although even decade-old harddisks do support it. But fortunately most USB3.0-SATA-cases seem to support the required SATA command. To install the package

opkg update && opkg install hdparm

E.g. to set a reasonable idle timeout of 20 minutes on the harddisk, use:

hdparm -S 240 /dev/sda2

if the command failed with an error message, your USB-SATA-casing sadly does not support it and you won't be able to use 'hdparm' for disk spindown as long as you use this USB-casing.
for all details of allowed codes see https://linux.die.net/man/8/hdparm at “-S” parameter
- 0 means “idle timeout disabled”
- 1 to 240 specify multiples of 5 seconds, for timeouts from 5 seconds to 20 minutes.
- 241 to 251 specify from 1 to 11 units of 30 minutes, for timeouts from 30 minutes to 5.5 hours.

Of course you can always change the timeout or disable auto-spindown again later on. Depending on your harddisk, the value may be active until the next reset or permanently stored on the harddisk. The harddisk firmware itself manages the spindown timeout, not a OpenWrt service.

2. Option: hd-idle (With LuCi integration)
This is a service than runs in the background of the OpenWrt device and maintains its own idletimeout counter. Once the defined timeout counter reaches 0, it will send a “live” spindow SATA command to the disk. Unlike the permanent spindown command from hdparm, a lot more USB2.0-SATA cases seem to support this “spindown-now” SATA command.

To install the package that even has LuCi frontend integration:

opkg update && opkg install luci-app-hd-idle

To configure it, use the “Services” menu of the LuCi web GUI of your device.

https://openwrt.org/docs/guide-user/storage/usb-drives

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